Newtonian and non newtonian fluid pdf

Using Regression technique k1 was obtained for the CMC fluid system and the values are tabulated in Table 3. It is observed that, for non-Newtonian viscoinelastic fluids, as the poly- mer concentration increases, there is decrease in the value of k1 in comparison to pure water, confirming drag reduction in the case of viscoinelastic fluids.

The parity between observed bed friction factor and model calculated values is given in Fig. On comparing the M. Es and the parity plots it is observed that for the present system, models due to Al Fariss and Ergun are among the best fit whereas model due to Hayes et al.

Bed per- meability model Christopher and Middleman , capillary tube bundle model Kumar and Upadhyay , and Nagrarajan et al. High M. It is clear from Fig. The pressure drop is large for higher concentration of PAA. Using regression technique, k1 was obtained for each fluid system and values are tabulated in Table 3. It is evident from Table 3 that in case of viscoelastic fluids, as the polymer con- centration increases, there is increase in the value of k1 showing drag augmentation.

E for each model are given in Table 5. It is observed from Table 5 that for these models, the value of M. However, model due to Tiu et al.

This model takes into account the effect of fluid elasticity in terms of fluid Wessinberg number We. The model proposed by Tiu et al. The model predicts very well the present data. Experimental data of Tiu et al. Using the definition of fluid Reynolds number used in modified Ergun equation Eq. As the vale of n deviates from 1, non-Newtonian character is exhibited by the fluid. Statistical comparison of model predictions proposed by other investigators are given in Tables 4 and 5 for CMC and PAA systems, respectively.

For 0. This shows that the experimental data obtained for viscoinelastic fluids is conforming to the model proposed in terms of Eqs.

The experimental data obtained and the values calculated from the proposed model Eq. Figure 10 shows that the proposed model is in reasonable agreement with the present set of data.

In reality most fluids are non-Newtonian, which means that their viscosity is dependent on shear rate Shear Thinning or Thickening or the deformation history Thixotropic fluids. In contrast to Newtonian fluids, non-Newtonian fluids display either a non-linear relation between shear stress and shear rate see Figure 1 , have a yield stress, or viscosity that is dependent on time or deformation history or a combination of all the above!

A fluid is shear thickening if the viscosity of the fluid increases as the shear rate increases see Figure 2. A common example of shear thickening fluids is a mixture of cornstarch and water. You have probably seen examples of this on TV or the internet, where people can run over this kind of solutions and yet, they will sink if they stand still. Fluids are shear thinning if the viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. Shear thinning fluids, also known as pseudo-plastics, are ubiquitous in industrial and biological processes.

Common examples include ketchup, paints and blood. Non-Newtonian behavior of fluids can be caused by several factors, all of them related to structural reorganization of the fluid molecules due to flow. In polymer melts and solutions, it is the alignment of the highly anisotropic chains what results in a decreased viscosity.

In colloids, it is the segregation of the different phases in the flow that causes a shear thinning behavior. George R. Sell Hans Weinberger Preface Experiences with amorphous polymers have supplied much of the motivation for developing novel kinds of molecular theory, to try to deal with the more significant features of systems involving very large molecules with many degrees offreedom.

Similarly, the observations of many unusual macroscopic phenomena has stimulated efforts to develop linear and nonlinear theories of viscoelasticity to describe them. In either event, we are confronted not with a well-established, specific set of equations, but with a variety of equations, conforming to a loose pattern and suggested by general kinds of reasoning.

One challenge is to devise techniques for finding equations capable of delivering definite and reliable predictions. Related to this is the issue of discovering ways to better grasp the nature of solutions ofthose equations showing some promise.

Book Summary: This volume is for use in technical universities, and for practising engineers who are involved with flow problems of non-Newtonian fluids. The treatment of the subject is based throughout on continuum mechanics model concepts and methods. Because in Non-Newtonian fluids the material properties operating depend critically on the kinematics of the flow, special attention is paid to the derivation and explanation of the adequate constitutive equations used.

The book can be read without reference to other sources. It begins by considering some general principles of continuum mechanics, studies simple motions steady and unsteady shear flows and proceeds by degrees to kinematically more complex motions.

Problems of various degrees of difficulty at the end of each chapter invite active participation by the reader. Numerous stimulating topics from the literature are considered in the book. Book Summary: This book presents a series of challenging mathematical problems which arise in the modeling of Non-Newtonian fluid dynamics.

It focuses in particular on the mathematical and physical modeling of a variety of contemporary problems, and provides some results.

The flow properties of Non-Newtonian fluids differ in many ways from those of Newtonian fluids. Many biological fluids blood, for instance exhibit a non-Newtonian behavior, as do many naturally occurring or technologically relevant fluids such as molten polymers, oil, mud, lava, salt solutions, paint, and so on. The term "complex flows" usually refers to those fluids presenting an "internal structure" fluid mixtures, solutions, multiphase flows, and so on.

Modern research on complex flows has increased considerably in recent years due to the many biological and industrial applications. Mathematical and numerical analysis of non-Newtonian fluid flow models provide challenging problems to partial differential equations specialists and applied computational mathematicians alike. This volume offers investigations. Results and conclusions that will no doubt be useful to engineers and computational and applied mathematicians who are focused on various aspects of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics.

New review of well-known computational methods for the simulation viscoelastic and viscoplastic types. Book Summary: The third edition of Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange is the most practical textbook available on the design of heat transfer and equipment.

This book is an excellent introduction to real-world applications for advanced undergraduates and an indispensable reference for professionals. The book includes comprehensive chapters on the different types and classifications of fluids, how to analyze fluids, and where a particular fluid fits into a broader picture. This book includes various a wide variety of problems and solutions — some whimsical and others directly from industrial applications. Numerous practical examples of heat transfer Different from other introductory books on fluids Clearly written, simple to understand, written for students to absorb material quickly Discusses non-Newtonian as well as Newtonian fluids Covers the entire field concisely Solutions manual with worked examples and solutions provided.

Book Summary: Covers a wide range of practical fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer problems This book covers the many issues that occur in practical fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer, and examines the basic laws the conservation of matter, conservation of momentum, conservation of energy, and the second law of thermodynamics of these areas.

It offers problem solutions that start with simplifying engineering assumptions and then identifies the governing equations and dependent and independent variables. When solutions to basic equations are not possible, the book utilizes historical experimental studies. It also looks at determining appropriate thermo-physical properties of the fluid under investigation, and covers solutions to governing equations with experimental studies. Covers a broad spectrum of problems in practical fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer Examines the basic laws of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and mass transfer Presents solutions to governing equations with experimental studies Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics with Sensitivities to Governing Variables will appeal to engineers working in thermo-physical sciences and graduate students in mechanical engineering.

Book Summary: Transport phenomena in porous media continues to be a field which attracts intensive research activity. This is primarily due to the fact that it plays an important and practical role in a large variety of diverse scientific applications. Transport Phenomena in Porous Media II covers a wide range of the engineering and technological applications, including both stable and unstable flows, heat and mass transfer, porosity, and turbulence.

Transport Phenomena in Porous Media II is the second volume in a series emphasising the fundamentals and applications of research in porous media. It contains 16 interrelated chapters of controversial, and in some cases conflicting, research, over a wide range of topics.

The first volume of this series, published in , met with a very favourable reception. Transport Phenomena in Porous Media II maintains the original concept including a wide and diverse range of topics, whilst providing an up-to-date summary of recent research in the field by its leading practitioners.

Book Summary: Computational Rheology for Pipeline and Annular Flow develops and applies modern analytical and computational finite difference methods for solving flow problems in drilling and production. It also provides valuable insights into flow assurance analysis in subsea pipeline design. Using modeling techniques that simulate the motion of non-Newtonian fluids, e. These methods are applied for highly eccentric borehole geometries to the design of pipeline bundles in subsea applications, where such annular configurations arise in velocity and thermal modeling applications.

Also covered extensively are the design and modeling of pipelines having non-circular cross-sections, where deviations from ideal circular geometries arise from plugging due to wax deposition and the presence of hydrates and asphaltenes. As in the case of annular flows, the new algorithms apply to fluids with general rheological description; for example, the methods show very precisely how flow rate and pressure gradient vary nonlinearly in practical problem situations.

Provides valuable insights into flow assurance analysis. Contains new algorithms on annular flows and fluids with general rheological descriptions supply solutions to practical problems. Book Summary: Until now colloid science books have either been theoretical, or focused on specific types of dispersion, or on specific applications. This then is the first book to provide an integrated introduction to the nature, formation and occurrence, stability, propagation, and uses of the most common types of colloidal dispersion in the process-related industries.

The primary focus is on the applications of the principles, paying attention to practical processes and problems. This is done both as part of the treatment of the fundamentals, where appropriate, and also in the separate sections devoted to specific kinds of industries. Throughout, the treatment is integrated, with the principles of colloid and interface science common to each dispersion type presented for each major physical property class, followed by separate treatments of features unique to emulsions, foams, or suspensions.

The first half of the book introduces the fundamental principles, introducing readers to suspension formation and stability, characterization, and flow properties, emphasizing practical aspects throughout.

The following chapters discuss a wide range of industrial applications and examples, serving to emphasize the different methodologies that have been successfully applied. Overall, the book shows how to approach making emulsions, foams, and suspensions with different useful properties, how to propagate them, and how to prevent their formation or destabilize them if necessary.

The lectures will be delivered by well-recognized experts. The book contents will be based on the lecture notes of the school. Book Summary: This book provides a fundamental understanding of physical properties of foods. It is the first textbook in this area and combines engineering concepts and physical chemistry. Basic definitions and principles of physical properties are discussed as well as the importance of physical properties in the food industry and measurement methods.

In addition, recent studies in physical properties are summarized. The material presented is helpful for students to understand the relationship between physical and functional properties of raw, semi-finished, and processed food in order to obtain products with desired shelf-life and quality.

Book Summary: A real boon for those studying fluid mechanics at all levels, this work is intended to serve as a comprehensive textbook for scientists and engineers as well as advanced students in thermo-fluid courses.

Combining Eq. The rightmost part of Eq. Integrating this equation and applying nondimen- position. Thus, because mass must be conserved, the pressure gra- sional forms of the boundary conditions given by Eqs.

Accord- tion. As a result, the pressure gradient in the h-direction is then ing to Flumerfelt et al. Note that two different quali- tative velocity profile arrangements are encountered in the present This result is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid investigation.

Flumerfelt et al. Case I occurs expressed using Eq. Since the n velocity equation from Blanchard et al. Equations 12 and 15 then give appropriate expressions for the From Blanchard et al. Using appropriate values of K and k, and the dependent upon pressure rise DP , pump geometry R1, R2, Dh, nondimensional volumetric flow rate is determined using Eq.

The case II situation is always present when the overall volumet- From the theoretical development of Flumerfelt et al. Substituting the relationship given by Eq. Additionally, from Ref. The different forms presented. All data are given for a flow passage height h of lm. The first part of this discussion considers variations of dimensional pressure rise with dimensional flow rate for the disk viscous pump with a flow passage height of lm.

Experimen- tally measured and analytically predicted data are compared for different disk rotational speeds, including the deviations which occur as the fluid within the pump becomes more non-Newtonian.

Deviations from Newtonian behavior are induced by adding dif- ferent concentrations of sucrose to the purified water, with increasing non-Newtonian characteristics as sucrose concentration Fig. Variations of volumetric flow rate for water with 1. The chamber height are illustrated by the data given in Figs.

N 5 Newtonian fluid is obtained at constant disc rotational speed. The experimental analytic result; nN 5 non-Newtonian fluid analytic result; E 5 experimental data. As the disc rota- tional speed is held constant, the flow rate is varied by changing the adjustable valve on the flow meter which is shown in Fig. The solid lines in Fig. These values are computed by solving Eq. Associated experimen- tal data are also included within the figure. These results show a linear relationship between the dimensional pressure rise and dimensional flow rate for the VDP for each different impeller rotational speed, which is consistent with results from a variety of other macroscale viscous pumps [28—34,37].

Figure 5 also shows that the experimen- volumetric flow rate for water with 5. The disc rotational speeds of — rpm. The chamber height of the single-disk viscous pump is lm. N 5 Newtonian fluid slopes of the data for each rotational speed in Fig. N 5 Newtonian fluid analytic result; nN 5 non-Newtonian fluid analytic result; E 5 experimental data. The chamber height of the single-disk viscous trends of pressure rise and flow rate variations are observed for pump is lm.

N 5 Newtonian fluid analytic result; nN 5 non- flow passage heights of 40, 73, and lm. The data given in Newtonian fluid analytic result; E 5 experimental data. The dimensional pressure rise and dimensional volumetric flow rate experimental data in Fig. Analytically determined values for the same flow con- figuration and conditions are again determined using Eq.

Overall, qualitative and quantitative trends are similar to the results in Fig. Such characteristics provide an indication that a 1. However; in contrast, results in Figs. Note that the experi- mental and analytical data in these figures are presented for disc rotational speeds of , , and rpm. The first data trend of interest is associated with characteristics of the Newtonian fluid flows, which are based upon Eq.

Compared to these data, pressure rise values which are associated with the non-Newtonian data in Figs. In addition, differences between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior, and associated pressure rise values, become larger as volumetric flow rate decreases, for each value of dimensional disc rotational speed X and sucrose concentration.

Larger deviation from Newtonian behavior is expected as local Fig. These results given in Figs. The data points mental data, and the non-Newtonian analytic results, which are associated with the velocity profiles which are presented in Figs.

Such agreement validates the shear stress 10 a and 10 b are labeled in Fig. Recall that case I behavior is model Eq. The associated normalized velocity profile in as well as the analytic equations and tools which are employed to Fig.

In contrast, a distinct mini- When compared at particular values of volumetric flow rate Q mum is evident in the velocity profile which is presented in Fig. For this situation, the normalized data pressure rise values, relative to Newtonian data in Figs. Such and 8, means that local stress magnitudes are also lower. Such behavior is generally present for K values greater than about 1.

In addition, the normalized local velocity profile becomes smaller. Associated shear stress magnitudes are given by in Fig. This is a result Eq. Mag- of both forward and reversed, recirculating flows present within nitudes of effective absolute viscosity l are given in Table 1, the VDP flow passage, with an overall volumetric flow rate of which shows that values generally increase as sucrose concentra- zero.

This trend is also illustrated by the data presented in Fig. In many practical situa- concentration.